These are intervals between the root and a note higher than the octave above the root. In jazz charts you will often see superscript 9, 11, and 13. The example also brings up a small but important detail: the flat in “flat 5” doesn’t mean “use a flat sign.” It means “lower the note by one chromatic semitone.” Or in non-music theory jargon: “if the note was already a sharp, use a natural to lower it, not a flat”: And be aware of the conventions - consult your favorite chord resource for more options. There is some room for creativity, as long as it’s clear what you mean. It’s not an exact science, but there are certain conventions and common practices musicians use to show deeper levels of detail in a chord. We just want to point out that you can do a lot with superscripts. This article isn’t a complete catalog of chord symbols. *If you’re wondering about why a B-double-flat is necessary here, check out our article on musical spelling. …here are some of the most common types of seventh chords and their symbols: On the less frequent occasions when you need a different type of seventh chord, then you can use the extra ink (or pixels) to be more specific. Why? Because the resulting dominant seventh chord, C-E-G-Bb, is so common that it’s easier just to put “C7” and be done with it. For example, that little “7” doesn’t just imply the added minor seventh above the root (B-flat above C as opposed to B-natural) - it also implies that the triad underneath is major. Instead, it relies on the background knowledge of the reader to fill in the gaps.įor chord symbols, this also means that a given element of the chord symbol often doesn’t only describe that one aspect - it stands in for aspects of the whole chord such as major or minor. Some chords are played so often that putting every little detail into the chord symbol isn’t necessary: for the sake of efficiency and avoiding clutter on the page, music notation often omits certain commonly understood info. The 7 by itself implies/assumes a minor seventh only because the minor seventh is so common. “But going back to the previous example,” says the alert student of music theory, “how did you know the 7 indicates a minor-seventh B-flat, and not a major-seventh B-natural?” Good point. That said, you can use the chord symbol to specify what’s happening in the bass… read on below. The examples in this article are written in the basic “stacked thirds” voicing with the root on the bottom, but you can voice the same chord many different ways without needing to reflect that in the chord symbol. – The chord symbol does not automatically specify the chord’s inversion, as figured bass numerals do. – The superscript provides additional info - in this case that cute little “7” means that it’s a seventh chord. – A capital letter by itself means the chord is major: the majorness is implied. – The foundation of the symbol is a letter of the musical alphabet, A-G: this is the root of the chord: the defining note that gives the chord its name. Study the example and notice the following: Let’s start with a quick anatomy lesson: what are the basic parts of a chord symbol? Independent from staff notation but also an important extension of it, chord symbols are a precise shorthand and guide to performance and improvisation. Usually placed above the staff or a set of lyrics, chord symbols are an entire musical language unto themselves. This Behind the Notation series focuses on a topic close to the hearts of anyone who likes chords (and that’s everyone, right?). Behind the Notation: Chord Symbols Robin McClellan | March 3, 2017
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